One of the following four questions will be the essay question for the mid-term. Questions 5-7 are intended to help you focus your studying.

1. Compare and contrast the leadership models provided by prophets, zealots, and the Court Jew.  What kind of political legacy did they leave?

2. Emancipation failed in Europe but succeeded in the United States. What does this mean? What evidence supports this claim?

3. During the Middle Ages, Jews largely relied on agreements with powerful rulers to protect them. What were the benefits and costs of this strategy?
   
   
4. Why did some Jews in the early modern period oppose Jewish emancipation?
   
   

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5. Describe the way Jewish self-government operated in the diaspora following the expulsion from the Jewish homeland. Can you describe this as true self-government? Why or why not?
   
   
6. One writer has said that "you can almost see Judaism as being wholly different before and after the expulsion" from the Jewish homeland by the Romans. In terms of governance, how did the expulsion change the way Judaism was organized and administered. 
   
   
7. Genesis 17 reports that God said to Abraham, "The whole land of Canaan, where you now reside as a foreigner, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God." The verse continues: "As for you, you must keep my covenant, you and your descendants after you for the generations to come.  This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the covenant you are to keep . . ." How does this commitment affect the way Jews govern themselves and how they relate to other groups?